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Gross, Magdalena H.; Wotipka, Christine Min – Social Studies, 2019
Students in the United States learn about the history of enslavement throughout their educational experiences. Yet our understanding of what students from different racial, ethnic, and gender backgrounds know about this difficult period in American history is limited. In this study, we use mixed methods to examine written narratives of students'…
Descriptors: High School Students, Knowledge Level, Comprehension, United States History
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Koo, Jin; Becker, Betsy Jane; Kim, Young-Suk – Language Testing, 2014
In this study, differential item functioning (DIF) trends were examined for English language learners (ELLs) versus non-ELL students in third and tenth grades on a large-scale reading assessment. To facilitate the analyses, a meta-analytic DIF technique was employed. The results revealed that items requiring knowledge of words and phrases in…
Descriptors: Test Bias, Reading Tests, English Language Learners, Native Speakers