Even though women make up nearly half of the PhD population, they are not advancing at the same rate as men to the upper ranks of the professoriate; many are dropping out of the race. Our first "Do Babies Matter?" article, published in the November-December 2002 issue of Academe, examined the effect of family formation on academic careers. It was reported, not surprisingly, that babies do matter for men and women PhDs working in academia. They matter a great deal, especially their timing. We found that men with "early" babies--those with a child entering their household within five years of their receiving the PhD--are 38 percent more likely than their women counterparts to achieve tenure (see figure 1). Moreover, the pattern of tenure achievement for women and men stayed almost identical in the humanities, social sciences, and hard sciences. It also held true across four-year institutions, from large research universities to small liberal arts colleges.