This article argues that transformative learning becomes increasingly essential for educators in the changing landscape of the adult and higher education institutions of the United States that has continuously hosted highest numbers of international students among other countries. First, it presents a context discussing learning for…

A disorienting dilemma is related to a sense of loss of balance or normalcy complicated by a problem that seemingly has an unsatisfactory solution. According to Mezirow (1998), disorienting dilemmas are also connected to events that have been set into motion, causing a learner to engage in self-examination resulting from feelings emanating from an…

Emotional reactions to text are manifestations of learners' inner selves. Adult learners can engage in the process of meaning making by working with images and integrating them into their holistic beings. (SK)

Assumptions underlying teaching for transformation and cultural relevance include (1) how is spirituality defined; (2) transformative learning involves cognitive, affective and symbolic/spiritual aspects; (3) transformative learning must attend to sociocultural dimensions (personal, cultural, structural, political, sacred); and (4) instructors…