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Bardwell, Rebecca – American Educational Research Journal, 1984
Fourth, sixth, and eighth grade students studied a word learning task and were tested on three consecutive days. Expectancy statements were made by half the subjects. These results seemingly contradict previous research, but the contradiction was explained in terms of task complexity. Expectations were found to be motivational. (Author/BW)
Descriptors: Elementary Education, Expectation, Learning Processes, Paired Associate Learning