To test a deduction from Carroll's Model of School Learning (i.e., increasing a learner's perserverance will not alter degree of learning or learning rate), time needed to learn a task under an encouragement condition designed to increase perserverance was compared to learning time under a discouragement condition. As predicted, no significant…

The degree of implementation of the Adaptive Learning Environments Model in special education and its association with efficient use of student's time and other classroom resources and processes were examined. Primary grade teachers were able to establish and maintain the model at moderate to high criterion levels. (Author/DWH)

The consequences of using alternative measures of time and achievement are examined in an observational study of 18 elementary school classes. The extent to which choice of the same model linking time and learning for all students was implicated in the inconsistent results is examined. (Author/GK)