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Marian, Viorica; Kaushanskaya, Margarita – Applied Psycholinguistics, 2007
Cross-linguistic borrowing (overt use of words from the other language) and transfer (use of semantic or syntactic structures from the other language without active switching to that language) were examined during language production in Russian-English bilinguals. Grammatical category (noun/verb) and level of concreteness were found to influence…
Descriptors: Speech Communication, Linguistic Borrowing, Semantics, Verbs
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Dorian, Nancy C. – Applied Psycholinguistics, 1986
Relative proficiency in Gaelic varies by age in a Highland Scottish region where Gaelic is spoken by a decreasing number of bilinguals in a steadily aging population segment. Although proficiency ranges from full fluency (and Gaelic dominance) to minimal generative skills (and English dominance), there are also deviations at both extremes.…
Descriptors: Aging (Individuals), Bilingualism, Communicative Competence (Languages), English (Second Language)