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Culpepper, Steven Andrew – Applied Psychological Measurement, 2013
A classic topic in the fields of psychometrics and measurement has been the impact of the number of scale categories on test score reliability. This study builds on previous research by further articulating the relationship between item response theory (IRT) and classical test theory (CTT). Equations are presented for comparing the reliability and…
Descriptors: Item Response Theory, Reliability, Scores, Error of Measurement
Beauducel, Andre – Applied Psychological Measurement, 2013
The problem of factor score indeterminacy implies that the factor and the error scores cannot be completely disentangled in the factor model. It is therefore proposed to compute Harman's factor score predictor that contains an additive combination of factor and error variance. This additive combination is discussed in the framework of classical…
Descriptors: Factor Analysis, Predictor Variables, Reliability, Error of Measurement
Andrich, David; Kreiner, Svend – Applied Psychological Measurement, 2010
Models of modern test theory imply statistical independence among responses, generally referred to as "local independence." One violation of local independence occurs when the response to one item governs the response to a subsequent item. Expanding on a formulation of this kind of violation as a process in the dichotomous Rasch model,…
Descriptors: Test Theory, Item Response Theory, Test Items, Correlation
Raju, Nambury S.; Price, Larry R.; Oshima, T. C.; Nering, Michael L. – Applied Psychological Measurement, 2007
An examinee-level (or conditional) reliability is proposed for use in both classical test theory (CTT) and item response theory (IRT). The well-known group-level reliability is shown to be the average of conditional reliabilities of examinees in a group or a population. This relationship is similar to the known relationship between the square of…
Descriptors: Item Response Theory, Error of Measurement, Reliability, Test Theory

Samejima, Fumiko – Applied Psychological Measurement, 1994
The reliability coefficient is predicted from the test information function (TIF) or two modified TIF formulas and a specific trait distribution. Examples illustrate the variability of the reliability coefficient across different trait distributions, and results are compared with empirical reliability coefficients. (SLD)
Descriptors: Adaptive Testing, Error of Measurement, Estimation (Mathematics), Reliability

Humphreys, Lloyd G. – Applied Psychological Measurement, 1996
The reliability of a gain is determined by the reliabilities of the components, the correlation between them, and their standard deviations. Reliability is not inherently low, but the components of gains in many investigations make low reliability likely and require caution in the use of gain scores. (SLD)
Descriptors: Achievement Gains, Change, Correlation, Error of Measurement

Williams, Richard H.; Zimmerman, Donald W. – Applied Psychological Measurement, 1996
The critiques by L. Collins and L. Humphreys in this issue illustrate problems with the use of gain scores. Collins' examples show that familiar formulas for the reliability of differences do not reflect the precision of measures of change. Additional examples demonstrate flaws in the conventional approach to reliability. (SLD)
Descriptors: Achievement Gains, Change, Correlation, Error of Measurement
van der Linden, Wim J. – Applied Psychological Measurement, 2006
Traditionally, error in equating observed scores on two versions of a test is defined as the difference between the transformations that equate the quantiles of their distributions in the sample and population of test takers. But it is argued that if the goal of equating is to adjust the scores of test takers on one version of the test to make…
Descriptors: Equated Scores, Evaluation Criteria, Models, Error of Measurement

Samejima, Fumiko – Applied Psychological Measurement, 1977
Several important implications in latent trait theory, with implications for individualized or tailored testing, are pointed out. A way of using the information function in tailored testing in connection with the standard error estimation of the ability level using maximum likelihood estimation is suggested. (Author/JKS)
Descriptors: Adaptive Testing, Career Development, Error of Measurement, Item Analysis
van der Linden, Wim J. – Applied Psychological Measurement, 2006
Two local methods for observed-score equating are applied to the problem of equating an adaptive test to a linear test. In an empirical study, the methods were evaluated against a method based on the test characteristic function (TCF) of the linear test and traditional equipercentile equating applied to the ability estimates on the adaptive test…
Descriptors: Adaptive Testing, Computer Assisted Testing, Test Format, Equated Scores