A technique for adding and subtracting integers is presented as an alternative to the number line. White and black chips are used to represent positive and negative integers, respectively. (MP)

Allowing students to examine different ways of performing an operation is suggested as a means of increasing their understanding. (MP)

Describes a finger pattern method for teaching subtraction. It is suggested that the method has several advantages over the usual methods children adopt. (PK)

This article describes the instructional efforts and success of two first grade teachers who cooperated in a year-long subtraction study with a university research team. Performance profiles of students in the experimental and control groups are presented, and implications for teaching are discussed. (PK)