All students have emotional and behavioral difficulties periodically. Some students have difficulties at a rate, duration, and intensity significantly higher than those of their peers. We summarize the knowledge base on the development, maintenance, and change of emotional and behavioral disorders across the school years. Building from dynamic…

Research suggests that a cycle of misbehavior can escalate quickly from corrections over minor rule infractions to threats of serious disciplinary consequences. There is also evidence that Black youth may be especially at risk for these escalations due to subtle or implicit racial bias, or cultural mismatches that may lead teachers to believe that…