Examines when and how much the target language (TL) should be used in second language and foreign language teaching and why. Agrees with the view that second and foreign language teachers should maximize their use of the TL, and argues that doing so benefits students' TL proficiency. Highlights disadvantages when teachers rely too heavily on the…

A brief annotated bibliography highlights theoretical issues, principal studies, and factors influencing second language retention, including initially attained proficiency levels, supportive environment, exposure to foreign languages, maturity and general self-awareness, literacy and its onset, and the perceived need for the language after…