The central goal of this qualitative research study was to uncover major implicit assumptions that students with different levels of training in the discipline apply when thinking and making decisions about chemical reactions used to make a desired product. In particular, we elicited different ways of conceptualizing why chemical reactions happen…

This mixed method study mainly explored how the extent of pre-service chemistry teachers' understanding of the particle nature of matter (PNM) affects their understanding of solution chemistry in the context of multirepresentational (MR) instruction. The ultimate goal was to describe the levels of understanding of specific solution chemistry…