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McCall, Robert B. – Child Development, 1985
Explains that from a prediction standpoint the confluence model is not very efficient. Very modest increments in accuracy are associated with family configuration variables once chronological age is covaried. Suggests that the major postulates of the theory be tested directly, within individuals and with longitudinal data. (Author/AS)
Descriptors: Family Characteristics, Family Influence, Intellectual Development, Longitudinal Studies

Duncan, Greg J.; Brooks-Gunn, Jeanne – Child Development, 2000
Examines consequences of family poverty for child development, noting evidence that deep or persistent poverty early in childhood adversely affects children's ability and achievement. Argues that although the 1996 welfare reforms spurred many welfare-to-work transitions, their time limits and sanctions are likely to deepen poverty among some…
Descriptors: Academic Achievement, Child Development, Children, Cognitive Development