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An Early Parenting Intervention Focused on Enriched Parent-Child Interactions Improves Effortful Control in the Early Years of School
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C. Bennett; E. M. Westrupp; S. K. Bennetts; J. Love; N. J. Hackworth; D. Berthelsen; J. M. Nicholson – Child Development, 2025
This study examined long-term mediating effects of the "smalltalk" parenting intervention on children's effortful control at school age (7.5 years; 2016-2018). In 2010-2012, parents (96% female) of toddlers (N = 1201; aged 12-36 months; 52% female) were randomly assigned to either: standard playgroup, "smalltalk" playgroup…
Descriptors: Intervention, Parent Child Relationship, Toddlers, Young Children
Correlates and Consequences of Spanking and Verbal Punishment for Low-Income White, African American, and Mexican American Toddlers
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Berlin, Lisa J.; Ispa, Jean M.; Fine, Mark A.; Malone, Patrick S.; Brooks-Gunn, Jeanne; Brady-Smith, Christy; Ayoub, Catherine; Bai, Yu – Child Development, 2009
This study examined the prevalence, predictors, and outcomes of spanking and verbal punishment in 2,573 low-income White, African American, and Mexican American toddlers at ages 1, 2, and 3. Both spanking and verbal punishment varied by maternal race/ethnicity. Child fussiness at age 1 predicted spanking and verbal punishment at all 3 ages.…
Descriptors: Behavior Problems, Low Income, Toddlers, Whites