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Schematic Patterns of Causal Evidence.
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Rholes, William S.; Walters, Jackie – Child Development, 1982
The study was to determine when the patterns of causal evidence proposed by Orvis, Cunningham and Kelly (1975) begin to function as schemata in the attributional process. One hundred forty-four subjects took part in the study. (RH)
Descriptors: Adults, Attribution Theory, Children, Cognitive Development
Expectation and Anticipation of Dynamic Visual Events by 3.5-Month-Old Babies.
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Haith, Marshall M.; And Others – Child Development, 1988
Findings indicate that infants can detect regularity in spatiotemporal series; will develop expectancies for events in the series; and will act on the basis of those expectancies even when their actions have no effect on the stimulus events. (PCB)
Descriptors: Child Development, Cognitive Development, Expectation, Eye Movements
Causal Inferences and the Positivity Bias in Children: The Role of the Covariation Principle.
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Schuster, Beate; Ruble, Diane N.; Weinert, Franz E. – Child Development, 1998
Two studies examined the positivity bias in children of different ages. Findings indicated that children from grade two and up selected the correct cause(s) when the effect covaried with only one cause, but only at a later age when covariation with two causes was presented. Ability estimations and expectation of success were more positive in…
Descriptors: Ability, Age Differences, Attribution Theory, Bias
The Development of Achievement-Related Expectancies
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Parsons, Jacquelynne E.; Ruble, Diane N. – Child Development, 1977
The relation between past history of outcomes and achievement expectancies was examined for 72 elementary school students. (JMB)
Descriptors: Age Differences, Attribution Theory, Cognitive Development, Elementary Education
Children's Probability Intuitions: Understanding the Expected Value of Complex Gambles.
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Schlottmann, Anne – Child Development, 2001
Examined how 6- to 9-year-olds and adults judged expected value of complex gambles in which alternative outcomes had different prizes. Found that participants at all ages used multiplication rule for integrating probability and value of each individual outcome, and based judgment of overall expected value on alternative outcomes. Even youngest…
Descriptors: Adults, Age Differences, Children, Cognitive Development
Infants' Learning about Words and Sounds in Relation to Objects.
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Woodward, Amanda L.; Hoyne, Karen L. – Child Development, 1999
Two studies examined whether 1-year olds' name learning during joint attention was guided by expectation that names will be in the form of spoken words. Results showed that 13-month olds, but not 20-month olds, learned a new sound/object correspondence, as evidenced by their choosing targets reliably in responses to hearing the word or sound on…
Descriptors: Age Differences, Associative Learning, Cognitive Development, Expectation
The Development of Visual Expectations in the First Year.
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Reznick, J. Steven; Chawarska, Katarzyna; Betts, Stephanie – Child Development, 2000
Two experiments used Visual Expectations Procedure to investigate development of expectations in infants up to 12 months old. Reaction time improved and the percentage of anticipations increased between 6 and 9 months using an alternation pattern or a complex pivot pattern, and between 4 and 8 months when using a left-right alternation or a…
Descriptors: Age Differences, Cognitive Development, Cognitive Processes, Expectation
Children's Expected Interpersonal Consequences of Communicating Their Affective State and Reported Likelihood of Expression.
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Fuchs, Dayna; Thelen, Mark H. – Child Development, 1988
Explores the factors associated with expected outcome of emotional expression and likelihood of expression among 125 first-, fourth-, and sixth-grade children. Results suggest that socialization practices tend to be directed towards the suppression of sadness among males. (RJC)
Descriptors: Affective Behavior, Age Differences, Anger, Cognitive Development