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Apperly, Ian. A.; Williams, Emily; Williams, Joelle – Child Development, 2004
In 4 experiments 120 three-to four-year-old non readers were asked the identity of a symbolic representation as it appeared with different objects. Consistent with Bialystok (2000), many children judged the identity of written words to vary according to the object with which they appeared but few made such errors with recognizable pictures.…
Descriptors: Cognitive Development, Preschool Children, Symbolic Learning, Pattern Recognition
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Marzolf, Donald P.; DeLoache, Judy S. – Child Development, 1994
In 3 studies, 2.5- and 3-year-olds transferred knowledge from an easy task that required appreciation of a symbolic relation to a more difficult task involving a symbolic relation that children their age typically do not appreciate. Results support the theory that young children use insight into one symbolic relation to understand other symbolic…
Descriptors: Associative Learning, Cognitive Development, Preschool Children, Spatial Ability
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Callaghan, Tara C. – Child Development, 1999
Two experiments examined children's ability to understand and produce graphic symbols for social communication. Found that 2-year-olds did not effectively produce symbols or use an experimenter's symbols. Three- and 4-year-olds improved their symbols after use in social communication and performed above chance with the experimenter's symbol;…
Descriptors: Age Differences, Cognitive Development, Interpersonal Communication, Performance Factors
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Uttal, David; And Others – Child Development, 1995
Toddlers were asked to find a hidden toy based on one hidden in a scale model of the room, after varying periods of delay. Subjects experiencing a longer delay on the first trial performed more poorly than those experiencing the long delay later in the trials. Results indicate the difficulty for children of keeping a symbol-referent relation in…
Descriptors: Cognitive Development, Cognitive Processes, Recall (Psychology), Short Term Memory
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Jackson, Joseph P. – Child Development, 1974
Children, aged 5, 8, and 11 years, were tested to assess the conformity of their developing symbolic gestural abilities to imagery processes. Results are discussed in terms of Piaget's conception of stages in imagery development. (ST)
Descriptors: Body Language, Cognitive Development, Elementary School Students, Imagery
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O'Reilly, Anne Watson – Child Development, 1995
Two studies examined the progress in normally developing preschoolers' ability to produce actions with imagined objects (pantomimes). Found that young children not only had difficulty producing imaginary object representations in contrast to normal adults, they also had difficulty comprehending imaginary object representations and were better at…
Descriptors: Adults, Age Differences, Body Language, Cognitive Development
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Steiner, Gerhard – Child Development, 1974
Piaget's concept of "internalization" is analyzed and related to Bruner's representational theories of cognitive development. Cognitive structures are shown to be real exclusively in an actual representation. (Author/SDH)
Descriptors: Child Development, Cognitive Development, Cognitive Processes, Comparative Analysis
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Goodwyn, Susan W.; Acredolo, Linda P. – Child Development, 1993
Infants were exposed to symbolic gestures from their parents beginning at 11 months of age. In bimonthly interviews, mothers reported their infants' use of gestures and words. Results indicated a smaller but reliable difference between the onset of infants' use of symbolic gesture and the onset of their use of words than earlier research…
Descriptors: Body Language, Cognitive Development, Comparative Analysis, Infants
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Troseth, Georgene L.; DeLoache, Judy S. – Child Development, 1998
Examined whether toddlers would use information presented through video to solve a retrieval problem. Found that 2.5-year-olds were very successful at finding a hidden toy based on viewing a televised hiding event, but 2-year-olds were not. Substantially better performance was achieved by other 2-year-olds who either watched or believed they were…
Descriptors: Age Differences, Cognitive Development, Cognitive Processes, Comparative Analysis
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Longobardi, Ellen T.; Wolff, Peter – Child Development, 1973
An experiment demonstrating that children in Piaget's preoperational stage, who generally still cannot give conceptually correct answers to questions about rate and time, evidence an ability to imitate a given rate-time relationship demonstrated by the experimenter. (ST)
Descriptors: Cognitive Development, Communication Skills, Elementary School Students, Imitation
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DeLoache, Judy S.; And Others – Child Development, 1991
Tested understanding of correspondence on the part of 2.5- to 3.5-year olds who watched a toy hidden in a model and tried to find an analogous toy in a room. Retrieval scores increased with increasing model-room similarity; were higher for older than younger children; and were affected by object and size similarity. (BC)
Descriptors: Age Differences, Cognitive Development, Cognitive Mapping, Individual Development