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Surtees, Andrew D. R.; Apperly, Ian A. – Child Development, 2012
Children (aged 6-10) and adults (total N = 136) completed a novel visual perspective-taking task that allowed quantitative comparisons across age groups. All age groups found it harder to judge the other person's perspective when it differed from their own. This egocentric interference did not decrease with age, even though, overall, performance…
Descriptors: Theory of Mind, Perspective Taking, Children, Adults
Fenning, Rachel M.; Baker, Bruce L.; Juvonen, Jaana – Child Development, 2011
This study examined parent-child emotion discourse, children's independent social information processing, and social skills outcomes in 146 families of 8-year-olds with and without developmental delays. Children's emergent social-cognitive understanding (internal state understanding, perspective taking, and causal reasoning and problem solving)…
Descriptors: Perspective Taking, Social Cognition, Problem Solving, Developmental Delays
Filippova, Eva; Astington, Janet Wilde – Child Development, 2008
This study describes the development of social reasoning in school-age children. An irony task is used to assess 5-, 7-, and 9-year-olds' (N = 72) and adults' (N = 24) recursive understanding of others' minds. Guttman scale analysis demonstrates that in order to understand a speaker's communicative intention, a child needs to recognize the…
Descriptors: Figurative Language, Language Aptitude, Cognitive Development, Social Cognition
Bernstein, Daniel M.; Atance, Cristina; Meltzoff, Andrew N.; Loftus, Geoffrey R. – Child Development, 2007
Although "hindsight bias" (the "I knew it all along" phenomenon) has been documented in adults, its development has not been investigated. This is despite the fact that hindsight bias errors closely resemble the errors children make on theory of mind (ToM) tasks. Two main goals of the present work were to (a) create a battery of hindsight tasks…
Descriptors: Perspective Taking, Preschool Children, Cognitive Development, Correlation

Rosser, Rosemary A. – Child Development, 1983
A total of 120 children between four to eight years of age were administered four sets of visual perspective-taking tasks. Results supported the hypothesis that children's task competence would be a fraction of the number and type of spatial relationships embedded in the stimulus displays. (Author/MP)
Descriptors: Age Differences, Children, Cognitive Processes, Performance Factors

O'Reilly Landry, Maureen; Lyons-Ruth, Karlen – Child Development, 1980
Assesses whether a model of at least two levels of perspective-taking ability beyond egocentrism provides a more adequate account of the variance in subjects' responses across perspective-taking tasks. (Author/MP)
Descriptors: Age Differences, Cognitive Ability, Cognitive Processes, Performance

Clark, Ruth Anne; Delia, Jesse G. – Child Development, 1976
The study focused on the question of whether the use of general persuasive strategies reflecting progressively higher levels of perspective-taking ability increases with age. (SB)
Descriptors: Age Differences, Cognitive Processes, Communication (Thought Transfer), Elementary Secondary Education

Taylor, Marjorie; Carlson, Stephanie M. – Child Development, 1997
Examined relation between early fantasy/pretense and knowledge about mental life in 3- and 4-year olds. Found that performance on theory of mind tasks was significantly intercorrelated when effects of verbal intelligence and age were statistically controlled. Individual differences in fantasy/pretense were related to theory of mind performance in…
Descriptors: Childhood Attitudes, Cognitive Development, Cognitive Processes, Fantasy

Wells, Diane; Shultz, Thomas R. – Child Development, 1980
Examined reasons for discrepancies in the literature regarding the emergence of the scheme for multiple sufficient causes. Children between 4.3 and 5.4 years of age were asked to predict their own and another child's behavior in real and hypothetical situations when a reward was present or missing. (Author/DB)
Descriptors: Behavior, Childhood Attitudes, Cognitive Processes, Perspective Taking

Smetana, Judith G. – Child Development, 1989
Results suggested that preadolescents and adolescents understand but reject or subordinate parents' conventional interpretations of family conflict, and reinterpret them as issues of personal jurisdiction. Parents understand but reject children's claims to personal jurisdiction, and state the issues in conventional terms. (RH)
Descriptors: Adolescents, Age Differences, Cognitive Ability, Cognitive Processes