A new model of the peer group influence process was proposed and tested using questionnaire responses from 41 naturally existing adolescent cliques representing males and females in grades 6 through 12. (Author/JMB)

Discusses issues making developmental studies of forgetting difficult to interpret: (1) stages-of-learning confounds, (2) failure to separate forgetting from performance factors operating on retention tests, and (3) failure to disentangle contributions of storage-based and retrieval-based forgetting to retention test performance. A paradigm and…

Examined the empirical validity of a model of human motivation as it applies to school success and failure, assessing how indicators of context, self, and action related to measures of risk and resiliency. Subjects were 10- to 16-year-old African American youth in 3 independent samples. Found that parental engagement predicted school performance…