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Direct linkChien, Nina C.; Mistry, Rashmita S. – Child Development, 2013
The effects of geographic variations in cost of living and family income on children's academic achievement and social competence in first grade (mean age = 86.9 months) were examined, mediated through material hardship, parental investments, family stress, and school resources. Using data from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study-Kindergarten…
Descriptors: Geographic Location, Family Income, Economic Climate, Interpersonal Competence
Peer reviewedKowaleski-Jones, Lori; Duncan, Greg J. – Child Development, 1999
Used data from National Longitudinal Survey of Youth to model developmental trajectories across middle childhood. Found that individual trajectories were extremely diverse in level and sometimes in slope. Compared to girls, boys had heterogeneous slopes for math and behavior problems. Compared to boys, girls showed a significantly higher degree of…
Descriptors: Academic Achievement, Behavior Problems, Child Behavior, Elementary Education
