Two experiments examined whether 18-month-olds learn from emotions directed to a third party. Infants watched an adult perform actions on objects, and an Emoter expressed Anger or Neutral affect toward the adult in response to her actions. The Emoter then became neutral and infants were given access to the objects. Infants' actions were influenced…

Elementary school children's parents responded to video-taped sequences portraying either an overactive, an underactive, or an average-active child. Generally supported hypotheses: (1) overactive children would be punished more severely than other children; (2) the label emotionally disturbed'' would influence adult responses, and (3) affect and…