Investigated the influence of racial and gender discrimination and difficulties on adolescent adjustment. Found that discrimination and hassles contribute to a general stress context which in turn influences emotional and behavioral problems in adjustment, while racial and gender identity positively affect self-esteem and thus adjustment. Revealed…

The influence of negative, equal, and positive social comparison and of nonsocial comparison upon 4- and 5-year-old black children's subsequent aggressive and regressive behavior in 3-member groups was investigated. (Author/JMB)

The study aimed to develop techniques for objective recording of mother and infant behaviors, to describe the interactive patterns of black inner-city mothers and their newborns, and to determine the effect of selected background and examination variables on these behaviors and interactions. (JMB)

Examined various ways Black, low-income preschool children transform reality into fantasy during free play. Approximately one-half of the girls' and one-third of the boys' utterances represented fantasy transformations, the most frequent of which were animation, reification, and situational attribution. Found significant effects related to sex of…

Interviewed second through sixth graders to assess parameters of worry. Found that girls reported more worries than boys, and African American students reported more worries than white or Hispanic students. The three most commonly reported areas of worry were school, health, and personal harm. Anxiety was significantly associated with worry. (BC)

Objectives of this study were to attempt to classify preschool children on conceptual tempo, to investigate a relationship between conceptual tempo and ability to inhibit movement, and to investigate the relationship of intelligence to both dimensions. (Authors)

Investigated gender effects on conversational strategies among African American children from urban, low-income families. Found that boys were more likely than girls to use controlling acts and domineering exchanges in same-gender but not mixed-gender pairs; girls were more likely to use a combination of collaborative and informing acts. Findings…

Study investigated relationships between 4-year olds' expressed humanitarian and success value preferences and their ethnicity, socioeconomic status, and sex. (Author)

Assesses the effects of gestational age, race, and sex on neurobehavorial responses of 510 singleton infants who were evaluated at term conceptual age using a modified Prechtl Neurologic Examination. Results suggest that gestational age at birth is the most influential variable; race is also important, but gender has minimum impact. (Author/CB)

Significantly greater imitation of the teacher model's incidental behaviors was observed among advantaged children, among girls, and in response to the positive reinforcing teacher. (Authors)

Examined factors that influence children's competence in mathematics when they begin first grade. Results indicated that parent education, family economic resources, and parent expectations influenced children's competence. Race and family structure, when considered apart from other variables, were not significant influences. (PCB)

Among a group of mostly African-American and Hispanic 10- to 14-year-olds, boys believed that parents would disapprove more of retaliation against siblings than friends, whereas girls believed that parents would equally disapprove of retaliation against either target. Children expected that retaliation was more likely to deter additional…

Study directed at determining which aspect of photographic representations of children differing along dimensions of race and sex would acquire control over responses of Negro children. (Authors)

Investigates the resistance to temptation of disadvantaged 5-year-old Negro children in a game-like situation. (WY)