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Anahid S. Modrek; Tania Lombrozo – Cognitive Science, 2024
How does the act of explaining influence learning? Prior work has studied effects of explaining through a predominantly proximal lens, measuring short-term outcomes or manipulations within lab settings. Here, we ask whether the benefits of explaining extend to academic performance over time. Specifically, does the quality and frequency of student…
Descriptors: Academic Achievement, Learning Processes, Cognitive Processes, Prediction
Honda, Hidehito; Matsuka, Toshihiko; Ueda, Kazuhiro – Cognitive Science, 2017
Some researchers on binary choice inference have argued that people make inferences based on simple heuristics, such as recognition, fluency, or familiarity. Others have argued that people make inferences based on available knowledge. To examine the boundary between heuristic and knowledge usage, we examine binary choice inference processes in…
Descriptors: Memory, Heuristics, Inferences, Decision Making
Johnson, Samuel G. B.; Ahn, Woo-kyoung – Cognitive Science, 2015
Knowledge of mechanisms is critical for causal reasoning. We contrasted two possible organizations of causal knowledge--an interconnected causal "network," where events are causally connected without any boundaries delineating discrete mechanisms; or a set of disparate mechanisms--causal "islands"--such that events in different…
Descriptors: Cognitive Processes, Decision Making, Attribution Theory, Networks
Verschoor, Stephan; Biro, Szilvia – Cognitive Science, 2012
It has been shown that, when observing an action, infants can rely on either outcome selection information (i.e., actions that express a choice between potential outcomes) or means selection information (i.e., actions that are causally efficient toward the outcome) in their goal attribution. However, no research has investigated the relationship…
Descriptors: Infants, Goal Orientation, Observation, Infant Behavior
Meyer, Meredith; Leslie, Sarah-Jane; Gelman, Susan A.; Stilwell, Sarah M. – Cognitive Science, 2013
Psychological essentialism is the belief that some internal, unseen essence or force determines the common outward appearances and behaviors of category members. We investigated whether reasoning about transplants of bodily elements showed evidence of essentialist thinking. Both Americans and Indians endorsed the possibility of transplants…
Descriptors: Foreign Countries, Human Body, Donors, Philosophy
Sloman, Steven A.; Lagnado, David A. – Cognitive Science, 2005
A normative framework for modeling causal and counterfactual reasoning has been proposed by Spirtes, Glymour, and Scheines (1993; cf. Pearl, 2000). The framework takes as fundamental that reasoning from observation and intervention differ. Intervention includes actual manipulation as well as counterfactual manipulation of a model via thought. To…
Descriptors: Observation, Intervention, Causal Models, Prediction
Walker, M. A.; Whittaker, S. J.; Stent, A.; Maloor, P.; Moore, J.; Johnston, M.; Vasireddy, G. – Cognitive Science, 2004
When people engage in conversation, they tailor their utterances to their conversational partners, whether these partners are other humans or computational systems. This tailoring, or adaptation to the partner takes place in all facets of human language use, and is based on a "mental model" or a "user model" of the conversational partner. Such…
Descriptors: Dialogs (Language), Language Usage, Models, Attribution Theory
Lee, Michael D. – Cognitive Science, 2006
We consider human performance on an optimal stopping problem where people are presented with a list of numbers independently chosen from a uniform distribution. People are told how many numbers are in the list, and how they were chosen. People are then shown the numbers one at a time, and are instructed to choose the maximum, subject to the…
Descriptors: Bayesian Statistics, Inferences, Numbers, Cognitive Processes
Friedman, Ori; Leslie, Alan M. – Cognitive Science, 2004
Young children's failures in reasoning about beliefs and desires, and especially about false beliefs, have been much studied. However, there are few accounts of successful belief-desire reasoning in older children or adults. An exception to this is a model in which belief attribution is treated as a process wherein an inhibitory system selects the…
Descriptors: Cognitive Processes, Beliefs, Inhibition, Models