Second language teaching has recently witnessed a transition from the conventional flipped classes to a fully online flipped instruction. The present study aims to examine the differential effects of two modes of fully online flipped instruction, i.e. interaction-embedded (IE) and interaction-reduced (IR), on EFL learners' speaking. Aligning with…

Listening is a major challenge for many English-as-a-foreign language (EFL) learners. Decoding training, which helps learners develop the ability to recognize words from speech, is frequently used to assist EFL learners. Although recent empirical studies on decoding training have provided positive evidence on its effectiveness in improving EFL…