Finland's study circles are under the aegis of voluntary associations, and are an integral part of the national education system. They are directed by six national study centers, and in certain instances are used in combination with correspondence study programs. (MF)

Surveys the history of the International Council for Adult Education from 1984 to the tensions of the present situation. Raises questions about the organization's role and vision in the 21st century, especially regarding adult education as human rights education. (SK)

The transition of Estonia from totalitarian to democratic society poses challenges for adult education. Changes already taking place include voluntary training, use of private sector schools, opportunities for study abroad, reestablishment of folk high schools, and formation of the Adult Education Association of Estonia. (SK)

Sustainable development means educating the powerless to become empowered. The changed role of development workers requires participatory training that gives them the experience of nonhierarchical collective learning and decision making. (SK)