How perspective-taking ability changes with age (i.e., whether older adults are better at understanding others' behaviors and intentions and show greater empathy to others or not) is not clear, with prior empirical findings on this phenomenon yielding mixed results. In a series of experiments, we investigated the phenomenon from a motivational…

Inhibitory control allows for the regulation of thought and action and interacts with motivational variables, such as reward, to modify behavior adaptively as environments change. The authors examined the effects of reward on two distinct forms of inhibitory control, cancellation and restraint. Typically developing children and adolescents…

This study examines an extreme case of the influence of motives on memory. Eight-year-old children judged which of two sentences had been read to them 10 days earlier for 20 sentence pairs. (CM)

In Study I, teachers' work-related feedback to boys and girls was observed in a classroom situation. In Study II, the different contingencies of work-related criticism observed for boys and girls in the first study were programed in an experimental situation and the children's attributions for failure feedback were assessed. (JMB)