Toddlers performed a spatial mapping task in which they were required to learn the location of a hidden object in a vertical array and then transpose this location information 90° to a horizontal array. During the vertical training, they were given (a) no labels, (b) alphabetical labels, or (c) numerical labels for each potential spatial location.…

Over the past few decades, there has been extensive debate as to whether humans represent number abstractly and, if so, whether perceptual features of a set such as cumulative surface area or contour length are extracted more readily than number from the external world. Here we show that 7-month-old infants are sensitive to smaller ratio changes…

Two studies used a visual expectation paradigm to determine whether five-month-old infants spontaneously use the number of pictures appearing in one location (left) to predict when a stimulus will appear in a second location (right). Neither stimulus timing nor stimulus identity predicted future stimulus location. (Author/DR)