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Krachun, Carla; Carpenter, Malinda; Call, Josep; Tomasello, Michael – Developmental Science, 2009
A nonverbal false belief task was administered to children (mean age 5 years) and two great ape species: chimpanzees ("Pan troglodytes") and bonobos ("Pan paniscus"). Because apes typically perform poorly in cooperative contexts, our task was competitive. Two versions were run: in both, a human competitor witnessed an experimenter hide a reward in…
Descriptors: Preschool Children, Rewards, Primatology, Animals