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Direct linkPaul, Ravi C.; Swart, William; Zhang, Aixiu Monica; MacLeod, Kenneth R. – Distance Education, 2015
Transactional distance has been defined as barriers to students' engagement with learning in the online environment. This research updates Zhang's (2003) scale of transactional distance, which quantified the extent of the barriers, in light of the massive changes in today's web-based learning environment. The resulting revised scale of…
Descriptors: Distance Education, Structural Equation Models, Online Courses, Barriers
Griffiths, David; Beauvoir, Phillip; Liber, Oleg; Barrett-Baxendale, Mark – Distance Education, 2009
The use of the Web to deliver open, distance, and flexible learning has opened up the potential for social interaction and adaptive learning, but the usability, expressivity, and interoperability of the available tools leave much to be desired. This article explores these issues as they relate to teachers and learning designers through the case of…
Descriptors: Barriers, Use Studies, Program Development, Standards
