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Direct linkPaul, Ravi C.; Swart, William; Zhang, Aixiu Monica; MacLeod, Kenneth R. – Distance Education, 2015
Transactional distance has been defined as barriers to students' engagement with learning in the online environment. This research updates Zhang's (2003) scale of transactional distance, which quantified the extent of the barriers, in light of the massive changes in today's web-based learning environment. The resulting revised scale of…
Descriptors: Distance Education, Structural Equation Models, Online Courses, Barriers
Bolliger, Doris U.; Halupa, Colleen – Distance Education, 2012
Eighty-four students in an online health education doctoral program taking the first course in the program over one year (four quarters) were surveyed in regards to their computer, Internet, and online course anxiety, and overall course satisfaction. An 18-item anxiety tool with domains in computer, Internet, and online learning was administered…
Descriptors: Electronic Learning, Allied Health Occupations Education, Educational Research, Online Courses
Leong, Peter – Distance Education, 2011
This article investigates the relationships between social presence, cognitive absorption, interest, and student satisfaction in online learning. A hypothesized structural equation model was developed to study these critical variables that may influence interaction in online learning environments. Contrary to expectations, the study determined…
Descriptors: Electronic Learning, Online Courses, Construct Validity, Student Motivation
