Effectively engaging learners in an online learning environment is a crucial component of instructional design that contributes to improving performance. Gamification, a contemporary instructional strategy, seeks to integrate game elements such as leaderboards into non-game contexts with the aim of increasing learner engagement and performance.…

This study explores the factors influencing students' online game-based learning (OGBL) performance. At present, motivating students to engage in learning actively represents a significant challenge faced by teachers and other stakeholders. Additionally, the findings of a variety of OGBL studies have been inconsistent or contradictory,…