In the context of the increasingly integrated development of information technology and classroom instruction, university students are engaging in a growing portion of their learning within online spaces. Against this backdrop, the investment in online learning engagement has become a topic of significant interest among numerous researchers. Prior…

Emotion and focus of children during handwriting are essential for language learning. Handwriting for young children is challenging because it needs deep motivation and willingness to complete the task regardless of its difficulty. Recently, emerged haptic guidance systems have a good potential to offer children a better sense of engagement to…

Electronic learning (e-learning) is considered the new norm of learning. One of the significant drawbacks of e-learning in comparison to the traditional classroom is that teachers cannot monitor the students' attentiveness. Previous literature used physical facial features or emotional states in detecting attentiveness. Other studies proposed…

Mobile devices have increased exponentially in the past decades and the rapid development of digital technology has provided rich soil for the growth of mobile learning (m-learning), which is a more convenient means of learning because of no limitations of space and time. Applying the stimulus-organism-response (S-O-R) framework, this study…

Traditionally, learning among young students has taken place within structured, physical classroom settings. However, the emergence of distance learning has introduced a diverse range of learning methods, including online, hybrid, and blended approaches. When the COVID-19 pandemic led to extended delays in in-person instruction, use of educational…

Augmented reality (AR) technology can enhance picture book reading experience. The present study aimed to explore the influence of reading AR picture books on primary school students' reading comprehension, story retelling, and reading motivation. Eighty second graders, who were from two classes at a rural primary school in a coastal city in East…