Middle school teacher and author Cris Tovani describes how--after years of feeling frustrated about the time spent commenting on students' work only to find their work didn't improve--she changed both how she responded to student work and what she did with the information such work revealed to her. Tovani changed the timing of her feedback and…

What are the characteristics of formal formative assessments that are both effective in improving student learning and an efficient use of a teacher's time and efforts? That's the question that the authors explore in this article drawing on a five-year research study. First, formal formative assessment is defined as being planned in advance,…