Explores certification and license testing and questions the extent to which scientific standards are actually governing policies and practices. Compares the practices of two states that have developed licensure programs for the same field and points out differences in these examinations. (SLD)

Explores the relationship between measurement theory and practice, considering five broad categories of: (1) models, assumptions, and terminology; (2) reliability; (3) validity; (4) scaling; and (5) setting performance standards. It must be recognized that measurement is not an end in itself. (SLD)