The present study aims to investigate the subjects of the works written on moral and citizenship education during the Tanzimat period and after and the methods considered for these courses. The other aim of this study is to demonstrate that the Ottoman educators were not unaware of the methods implemented in the lessons in today's modern education…

Beliefs are a complex psychological construct that have potential to drive a person to make decisions and act. A person's metaphors can serve as roots of their beliefs. In this study, the metaphor construction task (MCT) was utilized to uncover beliefs about teaching and learning held by 216 educational supervisors from 10 provinces in the central…