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Vermeulen, Jorine A.; Béguin, Anton; Eggen, Theo J. H. M. – Educational Studies in Mathematics, 2021
This study explored the relationships between task beliefs about the empty number line (ENL), mathematical ability, gender, and voluntary ENL use in multi-digit subtraction and addition. One hundred twenty-three Dutch third-grade students and nine teachers from six schools participated in this study. The multilevel path analysis showed that task…
Descriptors: Elementary School Students, Grade 3, Foreign Countries, Number Concepts