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Vermeulen, Jorine A.; Béguin, Anton; Eggen, Theo J. H. M. – Educational Studies in Mathematics, 2021
This study explored the relationships between task beliefs about the empty number line (ENL), mathematical ability, gender, and voluntary ENL use in multi-digit subtraction and addition. One hundred twenty-three Dutch third-grade students and nine teachers from six schools participated in this study. The multilevel path analysis showed that task…
Descriptors: Elementary School Students, Grade 3, Foreign Countries, Number Concepts

Nesher, Pearla; Hershkovitz, Sara – Educational Studies in Mathematics, 1994
Studied schemes involved in solving two-step arithmetic word problems in (n=1824) elementary schoolchildren in Israel. Compound schemes and combinations of operations were found to affect the difficulty level of the problems. Appendix includes two versions of the test instrument. (Contains 17 references.) (MKR)
Descriptors: Addition, Arithmetic, Division, Elementary Education