The most defining characteristic of MOOCs and other massive courses may be their scale. In their popular description, in the pedagogical and technological approach, in course operation, and in impact, the scale of the course is always foremost in mind. Beyond changes in scale, there are challenges and opportunities to adapt the new techniques in a…

A scheme that can be used in developing objectives and procedures to insure continuity between the definition of needs and the subsequent solution design. (Author)

A strategy is proposed to function as a set of heuristics which may be applied to any instructional development model for the purpose of coordinating client and developer needs and goals in respect to the solution of a particular instructional problem. (Author)

A planning model for the identification of components, activities, and tasks in educational programs and problem solving situations is described. (RAO)