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Direct linkLiu, Tzu-Chien; Lin, Yi-Chun; Wang, Tzu-Ning; Yeh, Shih-Ching; Kalyuga, Slava – Educational Technology Research and Development, 2021
Redundancy effect has been investigated in many controlled experimental studies, however, it is seldom investigated whether the same redundant material may cause different results in classroom, which is a major learning place for students. Considering that it is not easy to control the internal validity in classroom environment, this study…
Descriptors: Virtual Classrooms, Redundancy, Computer Simulation, Elementary School Students
