Learner satisfaction is an important element in online learning because it impacts achievement motivation, success, and retention. It was the purpose of this study to develop an instrument that measures the satisfaction of learners in online learning environments. Data were collected from 335 students at higher education institutions. The Online…

Few studies have investigated whether harmonious passion (HP) and obsessive passion (OP) make a distinctive contribution to explaining individual differences in knowledge management through self-regulation in e-learning contexts. This study aimed to identify four types of passion (internal HP, external HP, internal OP, and external OP) in…