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Raykov, Tenko; Menold, Natalja; Leer, Jane – Educational and Psychological Measurement, 2022
Two- and three-level designs in educational and psychological research can involve entire populations of Level-3 and possibly Level-2 units, such as schools and educational districts nested within a given state, or neighborhoods and counties in a state. Such a design is of increasing relevance in empirical research owing to the growing popularity…
Descriptors: Hierarchical Linear Modeling, Computation, Statistical Analysis, Research Design
Li, Wei; Konstantopoulos, Spyros – Educational and Psychological Measurement, 2023
Cluster randomized control trials often incorporate a longitudinal component where, for example, students are followed over time and student outcomes are measured repeatedly. Besides examining how intervention effects induce changes in outcomes, researchers are sometimes also interested in exploring whether intervention effects on outcomes are…
Descriptors: Statistical Analysis, Randomized Controlled Trials, Longitudinal Studies, Hierarchical Linear Modeling
Konstantopoulos, Spyros – Educational and Psychological Measurement, 2013
Large-scale experiments that involve nested structures may assign treatment conditions either to subgroups such as classrooms or to individuals such as students within subgroups. Key aspects of the design of such experiments include knowledge of the variance structure in higher levels and the sample sizes necessary to reach sufficient power to…
Descriptors: Statistical Analysis, Research Design, Correlation, Computation