Viable methods for the identification of item misfit or Differential Item Functioning (DIF) are central to scale construction and sound measurement. Many approaches rely on the derivation of a limiting distribution under the assumption that a certain model fits the data perfectly. Typical DIF assumptions such as the monotonicity and population…

This paper reports on the application of Yukl's Management Behavior Survey in 47 elementary schools. Three problems with the instrument are discussed: (1) lack of response; (2) interrater disagreement; and (3) ceiling effects. The dimensionality of the measure is evaluated through factor analysis. (Author/LMO)