Three approaches toward a differentiation between crowding and density are examined. Two states of crowding, cognitive and cognitive-affective-physiological, are distinguished. Seven propositions on which the proposed conceptual model is based are formulated. In the model, the factors affecting crowding and the modes of adaptation are discussed,…

Customers entering two grocery stores were given handbills listing specifically priced items of the week. This study investigated the relationship between the various disposal locations within the stores and the nature of the instructions printed at the bottom of the handbills. Results are detailed. (BT)

A series of urban and highway litter experiments in Richmond (Virginia), St. Louis, and Philadelphia indicated well-designed litter cans reduced littering about 15 percent along city streets and nearly 30 percent along highways. Also, the propensity to litter is critically affected by the characteristics of the individual and environmental…

Because overuse is causing ecological deterioration and user dissatisfaction, a travel behavior model is needed that predicts intensity of use as a function of user characteristics, entry rates by access points, physical characteristics of the area, alternative management policies, and intervening events. The Markov renewal theory is discussed as…

This review summarizes the present state of knowledge concerning littering behavior. Available studies are categorized according to the variables that influence littering--individual and environmental. Theoretical issues of attitude-behavior consistency and incentive effectiveness are analyzed with respect to littering and litter control. Results…

Studying short-term effects of three environmental variables in combination showed a three-way interaction, supporting the interpretation that environmental variables can often be better understood in terms of their complex arrangement with other variables. Need for study of behaviors occurring long after an individual leaves a particular…

This study examines the ways in which neighborhoods as physical environments affect children's play and play patterns. Four urban neighborhoods were examined for terrain, access to play space, social interaction, locus of play, safety, and mobility. It was found that children's play patterns are influenced by the environment they live in. (DS)

Discusses research on man-environment relations and initiates the process of formulating a research paradigm for studying environmental moves and readjustments. Uses a renovated academic center as a specimen case. (JR)

The effects of environmental stress on the processing of task-irrelevant cues of a social nature were examined. While noise did not affect memory for the task-relevant cues, task-irrelevant cues, regardless of whether they depicted calm or distressed persons, were remembered less well under noise than under quiet. (Author/MA)

Employs cognitive mapping and behavioral mapping strategies in conjunction, using behavioral data to help verify the cognitive mapping findings. Indicates that both observed and reported environmental behavior patterns are directly related to those spatial areas emphasized or excluded in the cognitive maps and to subjective distortions in mapping.…

Eye contact with a stranger was relatively rare in center-city Philadelphia, more common in a suburb, and very common in a small rural town. Speaking occurred only with eye contact. These results suggest that social interaction in the city is an adaptation to overload of interpersonal contacts. (Author/MA)

Three general strategies were used to generate six interventions to decrease lawn walking in a park. While none of the three strategies appeared generally superior, some interventions were more effective than others. Another intervention, designed independently by professional planners, was also evaluated and shown to increase lawn walking…

Major findings of this study indicate that a relationship exists between children's preference of playground types as measured by length of stay, frequency of visits and personal interviews. Adventure type playgrounds received highest preference followed in order of preference by contemporary and traditional types. (MLB)

This study demonstrates an evaluation technique that can be utilized by the wilderness manager. It attempts to assess the recreation user's point of view toward the wilderness environment by measuring and comparing desired and perceived experience in terms of environmental conditions and experiences. (Author/MLB)

This study was designed to investigate the effects of certain aspects of the outdoor environment on the spatial perceptions of the occupants of residential settings. Among the findings were data suggesting that a dormitory room is more territorial for females than for males; thus females are more susceptible to crowding effects. (DS)