Three approaches toward a differentiation between crowding and density are examined. Two states of crowding, cognitive and cognitive-affective-physiological, are distinguished. Seven propositions on which the proposed conceptual model is based are formulated. In the model, the factors affecting crowding and the modes of adaptation are discussed,…

Because overuse is causing ecological deterioration and user dissatisfaction, a travel behavior model is needed that predicts intensity of use as a function of user characteristics, entry rates by access points, physical characteristics of the area, alternative management policies, and intervening events. The Markov renewal theory is discussed as…

In order to understand the dynamic influences of the physical environment on seating behavior, a longitudinal study was made of seating choices in the reading area of a university library. Based on analysis, a predictive model was outlined that extrapolates observed behavior in a space to new environmental settings. (BL)

Discusses research on man-environment relations and initiates the process of formulating a research paradigm for studying environmental moves and readjustments. Uses a renovated academic center as a specimen case. (JR)