Three approaches toward a differentiation between crowding and density are examined. Two states of crowding, cognitive and cognitive-affective-physiological, are distinguished. Seven propositions on which the proposed conceptual model is based are formulated. In the model, the factors affecting crowding and the modes of adaptation are discussed,…

Examined illness complaint rates in relation to degree of crowding in a federal prison and a county jail. The results suggest that crowding in prisons may induce psychological stress which can be reflected in an increased level of illness complaints. (BT)

Studying short-term effects of three environmental variables in combination showed a three-way interaction, supporting the interpretation that environmental variables can often be better understood in terms of their complex arrangement with other variables. Need for study of behaviors occurring long after an individual leaves a particular…

The effects of environmental stress on the processing of task-irrelevant cues of a social nature were examined. While noise did not affect memory for the task-relevant cues, task-irrelevant cues, regardless of whether they depicted calm or distressed persons, were remembered less well under noise than under quiet. (Author/MA)