For researchers seeking to improve education, a common goal is to identify teaching practices that have causal benefits in classroom settings. To test whether an instructional practice exerts a causal influence on an outcome measure, the most straightforward and compelling method is to conduct an experiment. While experimentation is common in…

Transnational youth use digital media to affiliate with diverse cultural and linguistic practices, as demonstrated through the use of multiple languages and hybrid linguistic codes, media genres and multimodal expressions in the youths' online communication and writing (Black, 2009; Domingo, 2014; Kim, 2016). This study introduces a learning…

Current education standards in the U.S. require school students to read and understand complex texts from different subject areas (e.g., social studies). However, such texts usually contain figurative language, complex phrases and sentences, as well as unfamiliar discourse relations. This may present an obstacle to students whose native language…