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Direct linkMartha L. Esptein; Hamza Malik; Kun Wang; Chandra H. Orrill – Grantee Submission, 2023
It is essential for items in assessments of mathematics' teacher knowledge to evoke the desired response processes -- to be interpreted and responded to by teachers as intended by item developers. In this study, we sought to unpack evidence that middle school mathematics teachers were not consistently interacting as intended with constructed…
Descriptors: Pedagogical Content Knowledge, Mathematics Teachers, Mathematics Instruction, Protocol Analysis
Cromley, Jennifer G.; Dai, Ting; Fechter, Tia; Van Boekel, Martin; Nelson, Frank E.; Dane, Aygul – Grantee Submission, 2019
Reasoning skills have been clearly related to achievement in introductory undergraduate biology, a course with a high failure rate that may contribute to dropout from undergraduate STEM majors. Existing measures are focused on the experimental method, such as generating hypotheses, choosing a research method, how to control variables other than…
Descriptors: College Science, Undergraduate Students, Biology, Logical Thinking
