The London Communique of the Conference of Ministers responsible for Higher Education in the countries participating in the Bologna Process (2007) emphasized as priorities for 2009 the "action taken at national level to promote the mobility of students and staff, including measures for future evaluation". Certain responsibilities are…

The European Credit Transfer and Accumulation System (ECTS) has been developed and instituted to facilitate student mobility and academic recognition. This paper presents, discusses, and illustrates the pertinence and the limitation of the current statistical distribution of the ECTS grades, and we propose an alternative way to calculate the ECTS…

An international plan to boost student mobility within the European Community will provide grants to institutions, faculty, and students to fund projects and cover the costs of travel, language preparation, and cost-of-living differential for study in participating countries. International tuition waivers and policies for recognizing course…

The development of higher education and research constitutes a possible pathway to innovation and global competitiveness. Nation states, however, often seek the quickest adaptations, with minimum investment, ignoring essential political and structural changes. Turkey maintains its highly centralized system of higher education observing the…

An overview of cooperation among higher education authorities and institutions in the Nordic countries (Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden) is given, and agreements between those countries concerning the recognition of studies, diplomas, and degrees are outlined. (MSE)

The 10 bilateral and two multilateral international conventions that Hungary has entered into, concerning the recognition of higher education degrees and diplomas, are described. (MSE)

The activities of UNESCO, the Council of Europe, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, and the European Economic Community to promote academic mobility and international recognition of credits and degrees are outlined, and problems still to be solved are discussed. (MSE)

Transparent and consistent credit transfer procedures are essential if EU Universities are to successfully build the European Higher Education Area and thrive in the emerging global knowledge economy. Currently, the European Credit Transfer System is the most widely used mechanism to enable credit transfer between universities in different EU…

Individual students and scholars from developing or developed countries are entitled to have their personal achievements in education, research, and science evaluated according to identical standards. Only the development of systems of comparability in these fields will increase the level of mutual confidence and cooperation. (MSE)

Although growth in West Germany higher education has been less rapid than anticipated, it has encouraged regional planning and more even geographic distribution of institutions. The concept of geographically balanced distribution will be seriously tested after 1990 when enrollment declines are expected and institutions must stand on their own…

An examination of international student mobility looks at the general trend toward increased mobility, problems of conflicting attitudes and expectations, and considerations of curriculum and credentials. (MSE)

A study of the status of study abroad for students of 49 institutions in West Germany, France, Sweden, the United Kingdom, and the United States examined trends toward or away from study abroad, program organization and objectives, credits awarded, program costs, and student characteristics. (MSE)

A collection of nine papers related to international recognition of studies and degrees is presented. The papers are as follows: "Problems of Equivalence of Studies and Diplomas in Higher Education Systems" (Hanna Jablonska-Skinder); "Unveiling the Hidden Information in Credentials: A Proposal to Introduce a 'Supplement to Higher…

Steps taken by the Council of Europe to implement the European Convention concerning the international recognition of degrees and credits and to otherwise encourage and facilitate academic mobility within the European community are reviewed. (MSE)

Rates and trends in foreign student enrollments in European countries and European student enrollments abroad are outlined in data and narrative analysis. (MSE)