From the moral development scale scoring manual, Kohlberg's published works, and the research of his collaborators and others, an analysis was made of the evidence supporting the hierarchy of moral reasoning and the claims put forth for the cross-cultural universality of the cognitive-developmental theory. (Author/CS)

Moral competence is more difficult to attain than scientific competence. Since language comprehension plays a central role in conceptual development, and moral language is difficult to learn, there is a common deficiency in moral conceptual development. This suggests a theory of non-spontaneous solutions to moral problems. (Author/MS)