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Blakely, Gerald L.; And Others – Human Resource Development Quarterly, 1994
Consensus of survey responses from 155 of 600 human resource managers was as follows: management development programs emphasized technical skills at lower levels, entrepreneurial skills at senior levels; organizations with corporate growth strategies focused on more areas than those with stability or retrenchment strategies. (Muschewske's reaction…
Descriptors: Administrator Qualifications, Decision Making, Employment Level, Entrepreneurship

Ardichvili, Alexander; Cardozo, Richard N.; Gasparishvili, Alexander – Human Resource Development Quarterly, 1998
Interviews with 256 Russian owners of companies created since 1986 found that owners involved peers, but not subordinates, in decision making; had fewer authoritarian and many situational leadership styles; women used more consultative decision making; work design and performance-management interventions used more often than training/development…
Descriptors: Cultural Differences, Decision Making, Entrepreneurship, Foreign Countries