Reviews existing definitions and proposes a unifying definition of human resource development: the study and practice of increasing the learning capacity of individuals, groups, collectives, and organizations through development and application of learning-based interventions for the purpose of optimizing human and organizational growth and…

In the fast-growing market-oriented economy of Shenzhen, China, most employees have continued to participate in job-related education and training. We argue that as firms have acquired autonomy in their operations and individuals have gained the right to pursue their personal occupational aspirations, non-state-sponsored education and training…