In recent years, many studies have highlighted the need to go beyond the "one-size-fits-all" gamification approach to tailored or personalised gamification to optimise students' engagement based on their user attributes. However, little is known about its effectiveness on student engagement. To advance the understanding of personalized…

Several governments across the world have temporarily closed educational institutions due to the COVID-19 pandemic. In response, numerous universities have seen a growing trend towards online learning scenarios. Thus, learning takes place not just within a person, but within and across the networks. However, the current implementations of open…